New Battery Choice

1. bypass-type load control

 

It shows the solar panel recharges the photoperiod through the diode directly to the lithium-ion battery charging, the battery for each battery charging circuit branch is established. When a single cell voltage reach the set value, the load circuit bypass began to turn the power transistor, the shunt part of the load current to maintain voltage single cell of a constant in a very narrow range. The nature of the charge current gradually reduces VGP-BPS10 battery (approximately exponentially) until the end of illumination. This pricing method can guarantee that every single cell balance charging, but the dissipation branch circuit power over the load current is difficult to measure.

 

2. Shunt type charge control

 

Single cell by checking the battery voltage different sampling circuit, respectively, after, or remove a single cell gate voltage is maximum in the conversion circuit signal from the reference signal generated error signal, the signal error in the shunt regulator circuit to control the lithium-ion battery voltage in the monomer. Either the battery voltage reaches a given value, the battery charge current decreases on average. Using a switching regulator shunt, then the only constant voltage charging, the charging current is exciting, so using this control method requires the lithium-ion rechargeable battery capable of adapting to the pulse load current.

 

The main error amplifier (MEA) of the sample signal bus voltage to generate the error signal sent to the shunt regulator. In other words, the shunt regulator is also covered by a single VGP-BPS13 battery voltage and bus voltage control of the battery.

 

3. Sub-type load control

 

Comparison of single cell by the inspection sampling a single cell voltage of the circuit, any voltage single cell exceeds a given value, or it will produce a more door-voltage signal, the circuit unplug all the way through the load lock forward, decreasing the load current 1 / 3, when once again produced an over-voltage signal to turn the table second charge, until the last off the table load. At the advent of pulsed load or enter periods shadow of the earth, generate unlock signal to unlock the circuit makes charging control circuit for the next charging process. Obviously, when the constant voltage, the load current is exponentially related, but the level ladder-type decline. Sub-type lithium-ion charging circuit of battery control shown in Figure 3.

 

4. single-peak voltage stress of the VGP-BPS11 battery control linear

 

Single cell have been sampled by the voltage circuit inspection of each single cell, after, or delete a single voltage gate cell of maximum, after the conversion circuit in the signal control circuit voltage limits, voltage review the limits of management power circuits dynamically adjusting the impedance control of lithium-ion battery cell voltage of the single. When either a single cell voltage reaches or highlighted, the solar panel to a substantially stable in the current limiting circuit voltage control in power management of lithium-ion battery load impedance tube Electric is close to zero when any Only a voltage single cell reaches the configured value, the impedance of the power tube has gradually increased the load current of the battery gradually decreases, the load current decreases by laws of the characteristics of lithium-ion batteries decision (approximately exponentially). This circuit has the advantage of the phase constant voltage load decreases, load current, essentially exponentially, compared to adapt lithium-ion battery charging habits, the charging circuit power consumption not much

(1) The principle of photochemical organic battery

 

Bio-photochemical cell by the Ministry of waste biomass or bio-energy resources such as energy produced, the cost of the minimum. As the prototype is only capable of activating directly to the power generation fuel cell, wave through the activation of VGP-BPS8A cells in the electrode reaction to generate electricity directly. Is now in the pilot phase of the empirical UV, visible light is still a future goal is to go further with the activation of long wavelengths of infrared light. To build hydrogen fuel cell based hydrogen supply, cost, and security standpoint, is not simple. There are other fuel compounds such as ammonia as an energy use by the media making such proposals. The safe handling of livestock waste has become a major problem worldwide, including nitrogen, ammonia eventually became material, its transformation goals have not yet developed, given this situation, we should d first try to build to make a direct photochemistry of ammonia fuel cells.

 

In alkaline conditions, will hold Tam titanium dioxide, platinum, particles suspended in a solution of ammonia, ultraviolet light, so that the decomposition of ammonia, compared with the 3 / 1 molar generate H2/N2 . The nano-porous titanium dioxide and platinum electrodes with a Laptop battery very, soaked in a solution of ammonia in acid free state, the UV radiation to produce titanium dioxide on the N2 in the distribution center to generate H2, but on this occasion due to EMF minimal because the photovoltaic cells is largely irrelevant. However, in the case of coexistence of oxygen on exposure to light, due to the pole with negative (cathode) of the reaction of oxygen reduction as a biological function photochemical cell, showing potential potential.

 

2 Department of function of the ammonia solution TFOC large (a type of room), with 10 million of ammonia solution, 500W xenon lamp irradiation (light intensity 503mWcm-2), access to light open-EMF 0.84V Voc, short circuit photocurrent Jsc 0.30mAcm-2 factor FF curve is about 0.6. Light current value for the density of UV light as an absolute rule, and it is not too high, the irradiation of photons, the proportion of current flowing in the light, there is no percentage of the best at ‘now is probably around 19%. With UV excess energy, confirmed ammonia photosensitive chemical batteries, biological role.

 

(2) Biological Chemistry Photographic Battery (SCPO) applications.

 

With this light fuel cells, biomass and organic matter if we send a body like compounds in a liquid or deep, as a fuel can be converted directly into electricity. Ethanol (methanol, ethanol), or organic acids, urea, amino acids, sugars such as glucose, the two proteins (gelatin, gum bone), polysaccharides (agarose, cellulose), lignin, a natural polymer, as also can be used directly as fuel for electricity generation, for example, ethanol liquid 0.49V Voc, JSC 0.52mAcm-2, FF 0.25, its light type of reaction is Fuel Cell Type 1, Type 2, said BTP-43D1.

 

(Light reaction at the anode) C2H5OH 12h 3H2O → 2CO2 12H

1. Estimated capacity

 

Methods for estimating battery capacity are numerous, often inseparable from the total C = IXT method of calculation. The discharge of the battery current flowing through the battery size is the voltage across the Laptop battery is the load resistance, the discharge capacity of the battery is for, is time. discharge the battery voltage with the length of time gradually reduced to a more accurate estimate of the discharge capacity of the method is used in full, the discharge voltage start until the termination voltage drops to play during this period, each point in time the voltage value converted into an electric current capacity after the integration time can be very precise discharge.

 

Because the discharge curve of battery and non-linear, and wants to get to each point in time the current changes to calculate the difficulties which are generally estimated using the integral approximation method, the time divided into intervals very little time, to capture a period of time for each value of baseline voltage (or time value of average voltage) the voltage value at the time, whenever their own computing its discharge capacity, then add each time the capacity of the discharge capacity becomes an approximation of. The more detailed time cutting more precise, but it is very difficult to calculate manually, so only those who have the ability to micro-computer processing of the shipper to make sophisticated calculations, wishing to use the manual calculation may calculate the value approximate big time.

 

The other is relatively simple, but the biggest mistake of the estimation method is in the discharge period of a few arbitrarily chosen points of an VGP-BPS8A appropriate length (including the initiation of discharge and dismissal) in preparations to trapezoidal to calculate the area of hitting any one point in time between the discharge capacity will be followed during the complete discharge of the discharge capacity can be roughly add up to the discharge capacity.

 

Pistol projectiles themselves subject to the limited space of the relationship can not be packaged under the current limit is also smaller and smaller batteries, to promote the electric motor such a heavy load of weapons quite a heavy load and high shortens the lifespan of current nickel-cadmium batteries to be reduced in capacity, in particular, the faithful like to think of the weapon to change the gun has been particularly strong, a stronger spring to replace the battery and the engine is too, in such a destruction of the exhaustion of the battery under the quite severe, often less than tens of battery charge and discharge on to the remaining capacity of less than 50% the short range is quite important during the fall. Adopts the method of trapezoidal area calculation for use in electrical weapons, nickel-cadmium batteries would be acceptable for the estimate.

To measure voltage, current, and resistance, the most practical and simplest tool is the three-table food, much of the gun batteries of Friends of the situation to understand their own power in Table 3 are available, usually in addition to general electrical measurements, charge and discharge the auxiliary Dell Latitude D620 battery when charger is used to observe changes in voltage and current to keep abreast of the process yields the best conditions. The value is generally estimated to be only an approximate value will be compared with a theoretical capacity has also been a little less, but as a measure of battery benchmark is more than enough.

 

2. The memory effect

 

Nickel battery discharge if cadmium be a complete discharge, but in a specific depth of discharge to repeated loading to discharge, then, after the repeated charge and discharge, because each has a residual capacity of the battery makes the battery have memory phenomenon of the value of the discharge voltage termination of the memory of living like a landfill when the VGP-BPS9/B  battery is not only the depth of discharge, the voltage was gradually decreased by more than memories life voltage, battery voltage will suddenly crash to the rapid decline of almost big – little, then continued to decline slowly, a phenomenon called “memory effect.

 

Memory effect is generated by repeatedly charging and discharging, in the practical application of such a specific depth of discharge load and discharge repeatedly many cases, such as cameras, cell phones, razor, etc.. Memory effect does not affect the battery capacity, but the collapse of constant voltage characteristics Quedui a great impact on the load is often unacceptable and returned to the feedstock is not sufficient to continue to promote load. Creating a memory effect, but there is still considerable, after the capacity, but it can be used to reduce the ability of many.

 

Memory phenomena in the high temperature is most obvious when using load current lower (C/15 or less) there will still remember and, therefore, pay special attention to use the operating temperature, and do not use too small a current to recharge. Memory effect after training, to eliminate the impact of memory effect, you must do one or two pairs of batteries at full charge and discharge to C/10 ~ C / 2 current rate, C / 2 ~ 1C discharge current is carried out it is more effective to eliminate memory effect. if completely discharged, the nominal voltage of 1.2V to the battery manufacturer’s suggested as the discharge off, that is, there will be no residual capacity of about 0.95V, but do not over-discharge avoid damaging the battery.